托福听力纯技术解析

托福听力法则

   托福听力诸多重要法则中，最重要的两项分别是分段法则和重要细节提示法则。了解分段法则的目的是使段落结构更清晰，从而可以清楚的听到听懂听力中各个段落的大意，解决举例目的题，综合分类题，多选题等题目；而重要细节提示法则在为考生记录重要细节提供了提示性的帮助。

1. 托福讲座分段法则

Ø 1.1 以教授的问句作为新一段开始, 包括师生间问答或教授自问自答；学生提出的新话题可作为分段依据，但学生插话提问不宜当做分段

Ø 1.2 以停顿（约1s~3s）作为新一段开始

Ø 1.3 以引出新的概念或事物作为新一段开始

Ø 1.4 以教授提出的产生的问题作为新一段的开始

Ø 1.5 以结论的出现当做旧一段的结束常伴随which suggest/it indicates/it is then clear等

Ø 1.6 以常见段首词OK，now，well， all right作为新一段的开始

Ø 1.7 以所述话题的明显不同意识段落间的区分

Ø 1.8 托福讲座通常会有4~7个段落

2. 托福重要细节出现前的提示法则

Ø 2.1 转折：but, however, yet, unless, except for

Ø 2.2 一问一答或自问自答

Ø 2.3 总结句： see, so, suggest, indicates, which引导非限制性定从

Ø 2.4 单词或词作重复

Ø 2.5 词、词组或句子起强调作用， 包括：

l 单词：important, exciting, interesting, surprising

l 副词：especially, particularly, certainly

l 词组：of course, in particular,

l 祈使句： don’t forget, just remember, one thing i should mention

l 主语从句：what i want say is..... What surprises us is...... What scientists are interested in is.....

Ø 2.6 解释说明：in fact, the fact is, as the matter of fact, that means, it explains

Ø 2.7 举例：for example, for instance, such as, like

Ø 2.8 对比：same as, similar to, in contrast to, differently, alike, resemble, in the same way

Ø 2.9 语气加强

l 加重读音语调等

l 重复出现某些单词

l 句中停顿

l Um，well， actually， i mean, you see，OK等语气词

Ø 2.10 因果： because, so, the reason...is that, why... is that, that’s why

Ø 2.11 并列：三个概念同时排比出现，another... is， And (also), 序数词

Ø 2.12 建议：you should, how about..., advice, suggestion

Ø 2.13 人名地名的出现

Ø 2.14 否定 not, never, rarely, hardly

文章举例

紫色为分段标志

黄色为段落大意

红色为重要细节提示词

蓝色为作为题目考察的重要细节

TPO2 L2 Manila Hemp 植物学

Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today. Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due. Um, （Q2 问这个老师干嘛说她上周末的遭遇）I was hoping to have your exams back today, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one o’clock in the morning. Anyway, I’ll do my best to have them finished by the next time we meet.

OK. In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers. In particular, we talked about cotton fibers, which we said were very useful, not only in the textile纺织品 industry, but also in the chemical industry, and in the production of many products, such as plastics, paper, explosives, and so on. Today we’ll continue talking about useful fibers, and we’ll begin with a fiber that’s commonly known as “Manila hemp.”

Now, for some strange reason, many people believe that Manila hemp is a hemp plant.（Q3问关于此物的名字的相关描述，此处段意也为答案提供依据，另外，actually语气词和but转折词起到出题处提示作用） But Manila hemp is not really hemp. It’s actually a member of the banana family— it even bears little banana-shaped fruits. The “Manila” part of the name makes sense, because Manila hemp is produced chiefly in the Philippine Islands and, of course, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila.

Now, as fibers go, Manila hemp fibers are very long. They can easily be several feet in length and they’re also very strong, very flexible. They have one more characteristic that’s very important, and that is that they are exceptionally resistant to salt water. And this combination of characteristics—long, strong, flexible, resistant to salt water—makes Manila hemp a great material for ropes, especially for ropes that are gonna be used on ocean-going ships. In fact, by the early 1940’s, even though steel cables were available, most ships in the United States Navy were not moored with steel cables电缆; they were moored系泊 with Manila hemp ropes. Now, why was that?

Well, the main reason was that steel cables degrade very, very quickly in contact with salt water. （Q4问为什么举Golden Gate Bridge 的例子，举例目的题实则问例子所处段落大意，此处有关于原因的表达作为提示）If you’ve ever been to San Francisco, you know that the Golden Gate Bridge is red. And it’s red because of the zinc锌 paint that goes on those stainless不锈钢 steel cables. That, if they start at one end of the bridge and they work to the other end, by the time they finish, it’s already time to go back and start painting the beginning of the bridge again, because the bridge was built with steel cables, and steel cables can’t take the salt air unless they’re treated repeatedly with a zinc-based paint. On the other hand, plant products like Manila hemp, you can drag through the ocean for weeks on end. If you wanna tie your anchor to it and drop it right into the ocean, that’s no problem, because 16plant fibers can stand up for months, even years, in direct contact with salt water.

OK. So how do you take plant fibers that individually you could break with your hands and turn them into a rope that’s strong enough to moor a ship that weighs thousands of tons? Well, what you do is you extract these long fibers from the Manila hemp plant, and then you take several of these fibers, and you （Q5问两种制作麻绳的方式，此处多处出现提示首先是主语从句，然后有and then表顺序的存在，答案重要细节有多次反复出现即bundle and twist）group them into a bundle, because by grouping the fibers you greatly increase their breaking strength—that bundle of fibers is much stronger than any of the individual fibers that compose it. And then you take that bundle of fibers and you twist it a little bit, because by twisting it, you increase its breaking strength even more. And then you take several of these little bundles, and you group and twist them into bigger bundles, which you then group and twist into even bigger bundles, and so on, until eventually, you end up with a very, very strong rope.